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  Important Question for GTU Final Exam

Unit 1
1	Define the following terms: Data, Information, Database, Database Management System, Metadata, Data Dictionary, Data Warehouse, Field, Record and Cardinality.
2	Explain the Disadvantages of Conventional file-based system compared to DBMS.
3	Explain the Purpose of the Database System. OR Explain the advantages of DBMS over the file management system.
4	List and explain the applications of DBMS.
5	Describe functions of DBA to handle DBMS.
6	Explain three levels of ANSI SPARC database system. OR Explain three-level Data abstraction.
7	Explain Mapping. OR Explain External and internal mapping. OR What is mapping? Describe the type of mapping.
8	Explain Data Independence.
9	Explain Different Database users.
10	Differentiate between DA and DBA.
11	Explain Database System Architecture.
12	Explain database system 3 Tier architecture with a diagram in detail.

Unit 2
1	Explain Keys. OR Define the terms: Super key, Candidate key, Primary key, Foreign key, Alternate key and Unique key.
2	What is relational algebra? Explain the relational algebraic operation.
3	Explain selection, projection, natural join, division operators of relational algebra?

Unit 3
1	Define the following terms: Entity, Entity Sets, Relationship, Relationship set, Attributes, Simple attributes, Composite attributes, Single valued attributes, Multi valued attributes, Derived attributes, Descriptive attributes, Recursive relationship set.
2	Explain various mapping cardinality.
3	Explain various participation constraints.
4	Explain weak entity set with the help of example.
5	Explain the super class and sub class in ER diagram with the help of an example.
6	Explain the difference between Specialization and Generalization in ER diagramwith example.
7	Explain Aggregation in ER Diagram.
8	Explain types of constraints on specialization and generalization.
9	Explain the steps to reduce the ER diagram to ER database schema.
10	What is E-R model? Also draw various symbols using E-R diagram.

Unit 4
1	Define Functional dependency. Explain different types of FD with the help of example. Explain the use of functional dependency in database design.
2	List and explain Armstrong’s axioms.
3	What is redundant functional dependency? Write an algorithm to find out redundant functional dependency.
4	What is closure of a set of FD? Write an algorithm to find closure of a set of attributes.
5	What is decomposition? Explain different types of decomposition.
6	What is an anomaly in database design? How it can solve?
7	What is normalization? What is the need of it?
8	Explain different types of normal forms with an example. OR Explain 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, 4NF and 5NF with example.
9	Explain with suitable example, the process of normalization converting from 1NF to 3NF.
10	What is E-R model? Also draw various symbols using E-R diagram.

Unit 5
1	Explain query processing.
2	Explain different search algorithm for selection operation. OR Explain linear search and binary search algorithm for selection operation.
3	Explain various steps involved in query evaluation. OR Explain query evaluation process. OR Explain evaluation expression process in query optimization.
4	Explain the method of query optimization. OR Explain query optimization process.
5	Explain the purpose of sorting with example with reference to query optimization.
6	Explain the measures of query cost, selection operation and join. OR Explain the measures of finding out cost of a query in query processing.

Unit 6
1	What is transaction? List and explain ACID property of truncation with example.
2	Explain different states in transaction processing in database. OR Explain state transition diagram.
3	Explain following terms: Schedule, Serial Schedule, Serial Schedule, Interleaved schedule, Equivalent schedules, Serializable schedule
4	Explain serializability of transaction. OR Explain both the forms of serializability with example. Also explain relation between two forms. OR Explain conflict serializability and view serializability with example.
5	Explain two phase commit protocol. OR Explain working of two phase commit protocol.
6	What is system recovery?
7	Explain log based recovery method.
8	Explain deferred database Modification log based recovery method.
9	Explain Immediate Database Modification log based recovery method.
10	Explain system recovery procedure with checkpoint record concept.
11	Explain shadow paging Technique.
12	What is concurrency? What are the methods to control concurrency?
13	What are the three problems due to concurrency? How the problems can be avoided.
14	What is concurrency control? Why concurrency control is needed?
15	Define lock. Define locking. Explain lock based protocol.
16	Explain two phase locking protocol. What are its advantages and disadvantages?
17	Explain strict two phase locking. Explain its advantage and disadvantage.
18	Explain time stamp based protocol.
19	What is deadlock? Explain wait-for-graph. When it occurs? OR Define Deadlock. Explain wait-for-graph. Explain different conditions that lead to deadlock.
20	Explain deadlock avoidance methods. OR Explain methods to avoid deadlock.
21	Explain deadlock prevention methods. OR Explain methods to prevent deadlock.

Unit 7
1	What is data security? What are the objectives while designing secure database?
2	What is difference between security and integrity?
3	Explain data encryption in detail. Write short note on data encryption.
4	Explain types of access control method of data security.  OR Explain discretionary access control and mandatory access control of data security.
5	What is authorization and authentication? OR What is difference between authorization and authentication?

Unit 8
1	What is constraint? Explain types of constraints. OR What are integrity constraints? Explain various types of integrity constraints with suitable example.
2	Explain DDL, DML, DCL, DQL and TCL. OR Describe component of SQL.
3	Explain commit, rollback and save point command. OR Explain Transition control commands.
4	Explain Grant and revoke command. OR Explain security privileged commands. OR Explain Data control commands.
5	Explain on delete cascade with example.

Unit 9
1	Explain the advantages of PL/SQL.
2	Write short note on stored procedure in PL/SQL.
3	Explain database trigger with example. OR What is trigger? Explain its type with their syntax.
4	What is cursor? Explain type of cursors with example. OR What is cursor? Explain Implicit & Explicit cursor with suitable example.
5	Write short note on stored functions in PL/SQL.
6	Write a PL/SQL block to print the sum of numbers from 1 to 50.
7	Write a PL/SQL block to print the given number is odd or even.
8	Write a PL/SQL block to check the given number is Armstrong number or not.
9	Write a PL/SQL block to check the given number is even or odd number.
10	Write a PL/SQL block to check the given number is palindrome or not.